Besides those commonly acknowledged risk factors, some disorders have been proven to be closely related to the cause of gastrointestinal cancers. In addition, the disturbance of normal gastrointestinal microenvironment is revealed to potentially cause gastrointestinal cancers, such as the pro-tumoral fibrosis and overwhelmingly local or overall inflammatory and immune responses ( 10– 12). Although there are many different biological features of gastrointestinal cancers, several common risk factors have been discovered, including pro-tumoral genetic mutations, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, western diet, disturbance of gastrointestinal microbiota homeostasis and radioactive stimulation ( 6– 9). Based on that knowledge, to keep it accurate and convincing, in our study, we focused on discussing the mechanisms of the three commonly acknowledged kinds of gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. In a broad sense, gastrointestinal cancers are comprised of malignant tumors occurred in other digestive system tissues, including liver, small intestine, gallbladder, bile duct and pancreas ( 4, 5). According to recent studies, it has been reported that each year, 4 million cases of gastrointestinal cancers are diagnosed in the world, and 2.7 million people die from gastrointestinal cancers annually ( 1– 3). Gastrointestinal cancers are generally referred to as a group of cancers occurred in the gastrointestinal tissues, including the esophagus, stomach and colon/rectum ( 1). We aimed to bring novel insights in exploring the real mechanisms for gastrointestinal cancers and developing effective and efficient therapeutic methods to treat gastrointestinal cancers. Secondly, the role of autophagy in three popular gastrointestinal cancers, namely esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer will be described and discussed by reviewing the related literature. In this review, firstly, the biological features of autophagy will be introduced. The role of autophagy in gastrointestinal cancers remains unclear due to its high complexity. Autophagy, a vital catabolic process in organisms, have been proven to participate in various mechanisms and signaling pathways, thus producing a regulatory effect on various diseases. Although numerous studies were conducted on the investigation of gastrointestinal cancers, the real mechanisms haven’t been discovered, and no effective methods of prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal cancers have been developed. Gastrointestinal cancers are a group of cancers occurred in gastrointestinal tissues with high morbidity and mortality rate.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |